Working with static files is never an easy task and less so in Go since we did not have native support for them and we had to pull third-party libraries. With the release of Go 1.16 this changed. And it changed for the better, since it includes a new package called embed that natively helps us work with static files.
In the official documentation of the package (previous link) there are several examples of use of this library:
- embedding a file as
string - embedding a file as
[]byte - embedding a file as the proper type of the
embed.FSlibrary
The first two cases are very simple and with the examples in that article they are perfectly understood. By giving a little more examples (without code) I can tell you that the case of string could be valid when we want to load some” simple “configuration value from an external file. Instead of pulling an environment variable, we could have a config file with that value (not sensitive of course) and load that file with the library to embed that value.
If we wanted to do the same but with more than one value (more than one string) we would have to use the other type,[]byte. In this way we could have for example a .yaml (we love YAML right?) With our configuration for the application and embed it in our application as an array of bytes and load all the values at once. Then making a custom type (a struct itself) and marshalling the []byte to our type would serve us without problems.
The third type of data for me is the most interesting to comment on and that is why I write this post. If you have ever set up a web page, you will know that it consists of several files… aha! static. For this, in Go we have the html/template package which needs to load the templates of the pages that we want to mount in memory.
At this point you might ask yourself, why is it tedious to work with static files? or also when is all this useful? Well right now I'm going to explain. Imagine that our program needs to read a file, in the previous example the html template. This template will have a location, a directory in which it is stored. This location will be valid as long as our code compiles into the current directory. The moment we do a go build and move the binary to another destination, that reading will fail us because it will not find the specified path. To solve this problem there is the embed package.
Let's see a bit of code for this case. First of all we look at the documentation and see what fields the type that interests us embed.FS has and what methods it offers us. We see that there are no fields but there are three methods to open a file, read a file and read a directory and that these return an fs.File, a []byte and a []fs.DirEntry respectively in addition to the classic mistake each.
Since we want to set up a website, we are going to see the previously commented package which methods it offers us that are related to the three types that we can obtain from the embed.FS package. We see that there is a method ParseFS() that seems appropriate since it receives an fs.FS and a string... with the directories from where we are going to load said file.
Taking into account that the templates can be simple or by pulling layouts, we are going to see the most complete case which is when we use a layout to define the screen we want to paint and execute said layout in our templates.
Example building a web page
To do this example we will create the following folder and file structure:
|- templates/ |- templates/ |- layouts/ |- main.go Our main layout could be something like the following block like layout.html:
{{define "main"}} <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Testing embed</title> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <div class="container-fluid"> {{template "content" .}} </div> </body> </html> {{end}} Obviously this can be as complicated as you want and need. For the example I want to show, it is not necessary to complicate it further.
The template could be the following as userProfile.html:
{{template "main" .}} {{define "content"}} <div class="container"> <div class="dashboard jumbotron-fluid"> <h1>User</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <h5 class="card-title">{{.Name }}</h5> <p class="card-text">Email: {{.Email }}</p> <p class="card-text">Address: {{.Address }}</p> <p class="card-text">Phone number: {{.PhoneNumber }}</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> {{end}} As you can see, it is also very simple to show information from a very basic user. It could be a user's profile page.
Once we have both the layout and the template, we have to chop our code in Go to load said information. To do this we create the function below in our main.go.
package main import ( "embed" "fmt" "html/template" "io" "io/fs" ) const ( layoutsDir = "templates/layouts" templatesDir = "templates" extension = "/*.html" ) var ( //go:embed templates/* templates/layouts/* files embed.FS templates map[string]*template.Template ) func LoadTemplates() error { if templates == nil { templates = make(map[string]*template.Template) } tmplFiles, err := fs.ReadDir(files, templatesDir) if err != nil { return err } for _, tmpl := range tmplFiles { if tmpl.IsDir() { continue } pt, err := template.ParseFS(files, templatesDir+"/"+tmpl.Name(), layoutsDir+extension) if err != nil { return err } templates[tmpl.Name()] = pt } return nil } The interesting thing here is to see how we define the part of the variables:
//go:embed templates/* templates/layouts/* files embed.FS With this we tell the compiler to look inside templates and templates / layouts for the files and load them into the files variable. Then in our function to load templates we simply initialize a map where we save the name of the template and its value. As I mentioned before, we use the fs package to read the files loaded with the embed package and then we can execute them with the function we saw from ParseFS.
Now that we have our templates loaded it is time to expose them. For this we will build a simple HTTP server so that it can be seen how to access our templates. First of all we create our handler. The next block can be in the same main.go or in a different file. Depending on the case, the calls to the function to render the templates and to some variables must be modified.
const userProfile = "userProfile.html" func UserProfile(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { t, ok := templates[userProfile] if !ok { log.Printf("template %s not found", userProfile) return } data := make(map[string]interface{}) data["Name"] = "John Doe" data["Email"] = "johndoe@email.com" data["Address"] = "Fake Street, 123" data["PhoneNumber"] = "654123987" if err := t.Execute(w, data); err != nil { log.Println(err) } } Finally we add our main() function in the main.go file:
func main() { err := LoadTemplates() if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } r := http.NewServeMux() r.HandleFunc("/user-profile", UserProfile) if err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r); err != nil { log.Println(err) } } Conclusion
With all this, I hope that working with static files will be much easier and more practical than before. You can see the full code in my repository.
If there is any part that has not been completely clear or there are parts that I have not covered that you would like me to do, leave me a comment right here or through my social networks that you have on my profile and I will be happy to respond.